继续上文，补充词汇的用法，和虚拟语气。
词汇
冠词
a an the.
a/an 不定冠词，不一定修饰哪个冠词，只修饰可数名词单数。
the 定冠词，知道修饰哪个冠词，修饰任何名词。the dog, the dogs.
- 特指的人和物
- 世界上独一无二的事物前
- 用于上文提到过的人或物之前
- 地理名词之前加 the （江河、山脉、海峡等）：The Pacific, The Alps, The Penghu Islands，哪怕没名气的小河 The river。
- 国家不加 the，个别国家例外：The United Kingdom。
- 艺术娱乐场所前加 the，go to the theatre, go to the museum。
- 乐器前面加 the，play the piano, the guitar。
- 船舶、飞机名称前面加 the，The Titanic。
表示事物种类：
- 不可数名词不加冠词，Milk is very refreshing.
- 独山独岛不加冠词，Mount Tai，Taiwan Island
- 湖泊的面前不加冠词the，Lake Tongting。
- 名字前面不用 the.
- 可数名词：单词复数，the + 单数名词，a/an + 单数名词。horses are beautiful animals.
- 棋、球、游戏面前不加 the，play chess, play football, play bridge（桥牌）
零冠词
- 三餐前：have breakfast
- 不可数名词泛指：Water is necessary to life. （没有特指某些水）
- 复数名词泛指：Horses are beautiful animals.
- 交通工具：by bike, bus, plane, ship. in a car.
- 名字、称呼前不加。I’m not feeling well, doctor.
- 语言前，study English.
- 强调场所的功能：go to bed, go to college, go to court, go to hospital. 艺术文娱场所前面还是要加 the。go to the museum, go to the theatre.
形容词副词的比较级最高级
两者比较用比较级，三者比较用最高级。（wrong, favorite）没有比较级。
变化规则
- 一般情况：单音节词（单词元音音标的数量）和以 y 结尾的双音节词，+ er 和 est
- 以 e 结尾 + r 和 st
- 辅音字母 + y 结尾，把 y 变 i + er 和 est
- 双辅加一元，双写最后一个字母 + er 和 est
- 多音节词：more + 原形，most + 原形
far (farther, further, farthest, furthest)，前者指具体距离上的远，后者指抽象意义上的远。
old(older, elder, oldest, eldest)，前者用于比较，后者不用于比较，如：the elder sister，我的姐姐。
形容词最高级前加the，副词最高级可以省略。表示范围的词加 in，群体的词加 of 或者 among。the richest man in BeiJing. He earns the most among us.
than 引导比较状语从句，在形容词或副词比较级之后。She is more beautiful than joe (is), He runs faster than joe does. 动词和之前的动词对应。does指代任何动词。前后的事物是同一类：mary’s English is better than susan’s，his computer is better than mine。
比较级前面的修饰词
very 不能修饰比较级，只能修饰原级。
- 强：much, even, far, a lot
- 弱：a bit, a little, slightly
- 否定疑问：any，不做翻译
This movie is much(even, far, a lot) more interesting than that one.（更….的多）
I am even less lucky. （我更不幸运的多）
This picture is far better.
It is a bit(a little, slightly) hotter than yesterday.
I can’t go any farther.
Do you have any further questions to ask?
Are you feeling any better?
名词所有格
名词归谁所有该用什么样的形式。
- 加 ‘s，有生命的，
- Jim’s football
- 以 s 结尾的复数名词，the students’ books, the workers’ club
- 不规则复数名词，children’s Day
- 表示两人各自所有的两个东西，两个名词后面都加 ‘s，后面加复数名词。Tom’s and Mike’s rooms，各自住各自的。
- 表示两人共同所有的一个东西，后面名词加 ‘s，后面加名词单数。Tom and Mike’s room，两人同居。
- in five minutes’ time，五分钟的时间，an hour’s walk，一个小时走路的距离，five pounds’ worth of candy，五块钱的糖果。（时间，距离，价值）
- 省略商店和住宅等地点，at the butcher’s, at my mother’s.
- 叫 of，没生命的
- the legs of the table （of the table 是定语，介词短语做定语，后置）
动名词
构成：动词原形 + ing，具有动词特征的名词。
动词特征：
- 可以跟宾语：I like surfing the Internet
- 可以用副词修饰：Driving fast is very dangerous
- I often fish for hours without catching anything. He told me the news after（表明了动作的顺序） entering the room. 将共同主语的两个句子合并为一个。动名词的主语和主句的主语保持一致。
- 强调动名词的动作先发生，将 doing 替换为 having（形式不变） done（完成形式）。After having entered the room, he told me the news. He apologized to me for having broken my favorite vase.
- 动名词逻辑主语和主句的主语的逻辑不一致，需要保证没有歧义（最好保持一致）。
用法：
- 充当主语、表语和宾语（动词原形不能当主语，名词和代词可以）。
- 主语和宾语：Fishing is my favorite sport，I like fishing（动词宾语，可能有动词不定式），I am fond of fishing（介词宾语，直接加 ing）。
- 表语：系动词之后。My favorite sport is fishing. 和现在进行时进行区分，它们是现在分词，be 动词不翻译。这里的 be 动词表示是。
need
情态动词：作为助动词，无人称和时态的变换，多用于疑问句和否定句。
need + do，现在有无必要做某事，You needn’t hurry. Need you go so soon?
need + have done，过去有无必要做某事，情态动词 + have 表示过去时候。You needn’t have waited for me yesterday. 现实是昨天等了。Need you have been so angry with him?肯定句多是实义动词：有人称和时态的变换。
need + to do
need + n，后面是名词只能是实义动词，I need your help, you don’t need to know it. 等价于 You needn’t know it.
不定式的时态和语态
时态：与谓语动词的关系。语态：与逻辑主语的关系。
| 主动 | 被动 | |
|---|---|---|
| 一般时（动作与谓语动词同时，或谓语动词之后） | to do | to be done |
| 进行时（与谓语动词同时发生，且正在进行） | to be doing | — |
| 完成时（谓语动词之前） | to have done | to have been done |
| 完成进行时（谓语动词之前，一直持续到谓语动词发生） | to have been doing | — |
I helped him to do it.
I hope to see you soon.
I advised him to save the money. I advised the money to be saved.
It’s nice to be lying on the beach.
I’m sorry to have lost your key.
He was thought to have been killed 20 years before.
He was happy to have been staying with his uncle.
with + 名词
with + 抽象动词，表示 ….地。做方式状语。
I smoked with concentration and pleasure.
He jumped with delight.
He shouted with anger.
She listened with sympathy.
She pass the exam with easy.
He drove the car with great care.
She answered with a smile.
虚拟语气
if 引导的条件状语从句
真实条件句（可能性比较大，主将从现）；
非真实条件句（虚拟语气）
(1) 与现在事实相反；
| 从句谓语 | 主句谓语 |
|---|---|
| 一般过去时 (be 只用 were) | would should could might + do |
If you ate more and talked less, we would both enjoy our dinner.
If it were not for hope, the heart would break. 人为希望而活
If there were no clouds, we should not enjoy the sun。如果没有云彩的话（现在有），我们就能享受云彩了。
If I were a bird, I could fly to you.
If I had time, I would help you. （现在很忙，没时间）
(2) 与过去事实相反；
| 从句谓语 | 主句谓语 |
|---|---|
| had done | would should could might + have done |
If I had known your telephone number, I would have called you yesterday. 事实是没打。
If he had listened to his teacher’s advice, he would have passed the exam.
If he had been more careful, he would not have made mistake.
If I hadn’t come to Beijing, I wouldn’t have met you.
(3) 与未来趋势相反。
| 从句谓语 | 主句谓语 |
|---|---|
| did (be 用 were) should do were to do（几乎不太可能发生的事） |
should could might would + do |
If we missed the train tomorrow, we should wait an hour at the station.（万一）
If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go there. 真实语气： If it rains tomorrow, I will not go there.
If the sun were to rise in the west, I would lend you the money. （几乎不可能）
should型的虚拟语气
从句的谓语动词是 should + 动词原形，should 可以省略，大体意思是应该。
- 下列动词后的宾语从句用 should do。order, ask, decide, demand, require, advise, recommend, suggest, insist。
I suggested that we (should) help them with English. I suggested that we (should) not help them with English.
The teacher ordered that the homework (should) be finished within half an hour. - 下列名词后的同位语从句用 should do。suggestion, order, request, demand, proposal（建议）。
He made a suggestion that we (should) have a fancy dress party.
The proposal that John (should) be dismissed is unacceptable. - 下列形容词后的主语从句用 should do。important, necessary, natural, essential, advisable, strange, surprising。
It’s strange that you (should) say such a thing.
It’s important that you (should) tell me all the information.
