继续上文，补充句子结构，各种从句等。这也是最后一篇了。
简单陈述句
句子成分出现的顺序排列。
| When | who which what |
action | who which what |
how | where | (when) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | have had | breakfast. | ||||
| Yesterday | I | saw | a movie. | |||
| He | opened | the door | quietly. | |||
| Last week | I | went | to the park. | |||
| The play | was(系动词) | very interesting.（表语） | — |
主谓宾：动词的发出者，动词是谓语，动词的承受者是宾语。I love you，I 是主语，love 是谓语，you 是宾语。
时间状语：表示时间，去年，刚才，以后等。
方式状语：by car，表示方式。
地点状语：表示地点。
五种基本句型
- 主语 + 不及物动词（主语+谓语），没有宾语。The telephone rang. 需要记住动词是否及物。（vi. 不及物，vt. 及物动词）。
- 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 （主谓宾）。
- 主语 + 及物动词 + 双宾语。（某些动词支持）He lent a book to me. He lent me a book.
- 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾补（补充说明宾语）。He is finding this trip very exciting. （发现越来越有趣）。
- 主语 + 系动词 + 表语。(linking verb 是系动词)。系动词后面是形容词。be动词、变得、感觉这类的动词。The play was very interesting. 表语是形容词，一般的动词后面是副词。
主谓一致
- 可数名词单数或不可数名词做主语，谓语单词是单数；
The dog is cute, Water is necessary to life. - one of, each of, either of, neither of, none of + 复数名词，谓语动词单数
- 不定代词主语，谓语单词单数。
Someone is waiting for you. - the + 一类人，做主语谓语用复数。
Only the good（好人） die young. - 时间、金钱、质量、距离等名词，主语是单数。
Three years is too long for me to wait.
Two million dollars is needed by me. - 不定式，动名词，一句话做主语，谓语用单数。
Eating is my favorite.
It’s nice to be with you.
what you said is true. - either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, or 连接两个主语，谓语动词就近原则。
Not only the teacher but also the students were invited.
Not only the students but also the teacher was invited. - There be 取决于靠近的主语。
There is a pan and three books on the desk.
There are three books and a pan on the desk. - both…and连接两个主语，谓语动词复数。
- and连接两个主语，主语是一个还是两个，一个整体单数，两个复数。
The singer and dancer is coming to our city. （指一个人）
Bread and butter is fattening. （一道菜）
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
To love and to be loved is great happiness.
双宾语动词
give, teach, buy, lend, make, hand（传递）, sell（卖）, read, pay, find, offer, pass（递过来）, bring, show. 宾语分别是人和物，两个宾语不能都是人和物。
give(read) sb sth, give sth to sb. （短的东西在前，长的东西在后），buy(make) sth for sb。
双宾语的被动
- 宾语提前变被动：sb be given sth 或者 sth be given to sb。be 根据时态而变换。A large sum of money has been offered to me. （不可数名词主语，单词第三人称单数）
时间副词在句子中的位置
never, sometimes, rarely, seldom, usually, always。位于实义动词（具体动作）之前，助动词（帮助动词做谓语 do, be, have，不止一个助动词第一个助动词之后。）和情态动词（can, should, may）之后。I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime. You should never trust him.
疑问句：位于主语之后。Do you always get up so late?
感叹句
- what + a/an + 形容词（可以去掉）+ 可数名词单数 + 主谓（可以去掉）。What a beautiful girl (she is )! What a day! Thanks a lot. 没有形容词，需要上下文。
- what + 形容词 + 可数名词复数/不可数名词 + 主谓（可以去掉）。What lovely children (they are)! What terrible weather (it is)!
- how + 形容词/副词 + (主语谓语)，How handsome (the boy is)!
- how + 形容词 + a/an + 可数名词单数 + （主谓）。How cute a boy (he is) !
直接引语与间接引语
都是宾语，引语就是引用别人的话。
直接引语，一字不差的引用，放在单引号内；
间接引语，用自己的话转述别人的话，以宾语从句的形式出现。人称与时态的变化：
人称正常变换
时态的变化：当时就转化，动词用一般现在时，直接引语的时态不做改变，He says: ‘I am busy’=He says that he is busy；时态不改，时态中的助动词改；过了一段时间在转述，主句的谓语动词用过去时，间接引用中的时态：
| 直接引语 | 间接引语 |
|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | 一般过去时 |
| 一般过去时（说的时候是过去） | 过去完成时（动作是过去的过去） |
| 现在进行时 | 过去进行时 |
| 一般将来时（will） | 过去将来时（would） |
| 现在完成时 | 过去完成时 |
| 情态动词 | 对应过去时 |
宾语从句的时态和主语保持一致：
- 主句现在时，从句任意
- 主句过去时，从句必须用过去的某种时态（客观真理除外）
条件状语从句
if 引导的条件状语从句
真实条件句，假设有可能发生
非真实条件句，假设发生的可能性很小（虚拟语气）
| if 从句 | 主句 |
|---|---|
| 现在时态（一般现在，现在进行，现在完成） | 一般将来时或情态动词或祈使句 |
If you move, I will shoot you.
If he is sleeping, don’t（祈使句） wake him.
If you have finished homework, you can（情态动词） see the movie.
If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
宾语从句
一句话做宾语。连接词：
- that 引导，陈述句放在宾语从句中，之前加 that。I know that you are right.
- 特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句，特殊疑问句放在宾语从句中，改为陈述句。I want to know what you are talking about. （助动词放到主语之后）。I want to know where you have been. I want to know when tom to left.（注意时态）。I know who he is.
- If/Whether引导，表示是否。一般疑问句放在宾语从句中，需要在疑问句句首加上If/Whether，改为陈述句。I want to know if you are a doctor. I want to know if you have finished your work. I want to know if you will go abroad. I want to know you are listening to me.
- 以下情况只能是 whether：
- 做介词宾语：I worry about whether I hurt his feelings.
- 跟 or 结构：She always tells me whether my picture is good or not.
定语从句
形容词性从句。
- 定义：一句话做定语。修饰句子中的名词，代词或者名词短语。位于被修饰成分之后，被修饰的是先行词。
- 划分：限定性和非限定性定语从句。非限定性，用逗号隔开主句和从句，不能用 that。
- 引导词：关系代词 who whom whose that which，关系副词，when where why。指代先行词，以先行词的身份在定语从句中充当一定成分。
who：先行词是人，从句是主语或宾语。
whom：先行词是人，从句中做宾语，不能是主语。
which：先行词是物，从句中做主语或宾语。
that：先行词是人或物，从句中做主语或宾语。
whose：先行词是人或物，从句中做定语。
when：先行词是表示时间的名词，从句中做时间状语。
where：先行词是表示地点的名词，从句中做地点状语。
why：先行词是reason，从句中做原因状语。
what 和 how 不能引导定语从句。
- I like the girl who has big eyes.
- I like the girl whose eyes are very big. Please pass me the book whose cover is green. （表示什么什么的）
- I like the novel which you are reading. That was a fault which couldn’t be forgiven.
- Who is the man about whom you are talking? （当宾语，that 和 who 之前不能有介词，只能用 which 和 whom）。I’m the guy from whom you’re trying to get away (from 提前)。
- I will never forget the day when I came to Beijing. (on which)
- The police searched the house where he lived. (in which)
- I don’t know the reason why he is angry. (for which)
副词 = 介词 + which，定语从句在先行词之后。
- I never forget the day which we spent together。（spent后面跟宾语，能做宾语的只有 which 或者 that）。
I never forget the day when we first met。（不缺宾语，用作时间状语） 。 - This is the movie that I want to see it （错误，that充当了宾语，不能出现重复的成分 it）
关系词省略：
- 非限定性定语从句不能省略
- 关系代词：做宾语或表语可以省略，前提是不在介词之后
- when 和 why 可以省略。
主谓一致问题
- 关系代词作从句主语，从句谓语动词和先行词保持一致。
- 只能用 that：
- 先行词有形容词最高级来修饰；the greatest men
- 先行词有序数词来修饰；the first, the second
- 先行词有 the only, the very 修饰；This is the very book that I am looking（very加强语气）
- 先行词为不定代词：something, anything, nothing, everything
- 先行词即含有表示人的名词和表示物的名词，men and money that he needed.
非谓语动词做定语
分词
具有形容词的特征。单个分词做前置定语，分词短语做后置定语。
- 过去分词作定语。
- 表示被动。单个过去分词位于修饰词前；过去分词短语，放在修饰词之后。（A beautiful book, a book on the desk），A broken glass，一个被打碎的玻璃杯，A glass broken by my sister。A damaged car，A car damaged in an accident。The forbidden fruit.
- 也可以表示完成：fallen leaves（已经落下来的叶子），retired workers（退休工人）。
- 现在分词作定语。
- 表示动作正在进行：A passing boat, a running dog。
- 动名词作定语，表示功能：A sleeping pill（助眠药丸）。
- 表示主动：I heard a noise coming (that came) from upstairs（主动关系，不是正在进行）。The man sitting next to Mary is our teacher. I like the smiling baby. The man named John is my brother. Talking to Mary.
不定式
不定式做后置定语，表示没有做的事情。
I have a lot of work to do.
I need a pan to write with.
We will buy a house to live in.
非限定性定语从句
- 限定性：从句与先行词有不可分割的关系，去掉后指代不明；
- 非限定性：从句对意义很明确的先行词做补充说明，去掉不影响句子含义。（引导词前面有个逗号）
I like the baby who is yawning.（三个宝宝，限定性，表明说谁）
I like the baby, who is yawning. （只有一个宝宝，不用表明说谁）
Beijing, which is my hometown, is a beautiful city.
I’ll move to Melbourne, which is the second largest city in Australia.
which 或 as 引导的非限定性定语从句，用逗号和主句分开。
- 可以修饰整个主句；
- as 有『正如』的意思，主句前后均可；
- which 含义没有限制，只能位于主句后。
I said nothing, which made him more angry.
He was a policeman in disguise, which surprised me a lot。（不能用 as，没有『正如』的意思）
He is a god at English, as we all know.
As we all know, he is good at English. （放到句首）
As Napoleon once pointed it out, attack is the best method of defense. As 充当宾语，指代主句，去掉 it。
表语从句
一句话作表语。和宾语从句类似，属于名词性从句。与宾语从句的比较：
| 陈述句 | 一般疑问句 | 特殊疑问句 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 宾语从句 | that | whether/if （特殊情况只能whether） | 特殊疑问词 |
| 表语从句 | that | whether | 特殊疑问词 |
系动词之后（表示是）：The fact is that I can’t finish the job in two days。
The question is whether it is true or not.（原一般疑问句：Is it true or not ?）
This is not what I mean.
状语从句
副词性从句，表示时间、地点、方式、原因等状态的从句。省略的前提：
- 从句主语和主句主语一致，借用主句的主语；
- 从句中有 be 动词，从句主语和 be 动词一起省略；
He fall asleep when (he was) doing his homework.
When I was surfing the net, the power was off.（主语不一致，不能省略）
His father died when he was only three. （主语不一致，不能省略）
He always cut class when (he was) a boy.
When I say I love you, I mean it. （没有 be 动词，不能省略）
特例：
- Call me when (it is) necessary，从句主语 it 后有 be 动词，可以省略。
分词作状语
非谓语：过去分词，现在分词，不定式，动名词。
分词有形容词副词的特征，做定语（形容词，表达被动）或状语（副词，表达被动）。状语从句中若主语和主句的主语保持一致，则可以换成分词做状语。
- 从句主语和主句主语是否一致；
- 一致找从句的谓语动词；
- 判断从句的和主语的谓语关系，主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。
If you turn to left, you will find the station. 转换 Turning to left, you will find the station.
While I was walking to school yesterday, I met a friend. 转换 Walking to school yesterday, I met a friend. 主动关系。
As I didn’t receive her letter, I called her up. 转换 Not receiving her letter, I called her up.
I stood there awkwardly, as I didn’t know what to say. 转换 I stood there awkwardly, not knowing what to say.
As I didn’t want to be seen, I hid behind a table. 转换 Not wanting to be seen, I hid behind a table.
The little girl was sitting on the ground, crying.
He lay in bed, thinking about what happened in the day.
He went home, beaten black and blue all over.
Having waited in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left his check in the car. 现在分词的完成形式，动作发生在谓语动作之前，不是同时发生。
being 分词作状语，可以省略。Being tired of 等价 Tired of，Tired of watching TV, we went out for a walk.
(Being) Hungry for 3 days, he could hardly move.
同位语从句
一句话中两个句子成分指代的东西相同，后者是前者的同位语。同位语以句子的形式出现，就是同位语从句。主语、宾语、同位语、表语从句称为名词性从句。
| 陈述句 | 一般疑问句 | 特殊疑问句 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 宾语从句 | that（可省略） | whether /if | 特殊疑问词 |
| 同位语从句 | that（不可以省略） | whether | 特殊疑问词 |
同位语从句的先行词多为：fact, news, idea, thought, reply, answer, remark, plan, possibility, question. 连接词一般为 that（question 除外）。
No one could account for（解释） the fact that one of the boxes was extremely heavy.
The question whether Tom will arrive on time is still unknown. Please tell me whether Tom will arrive on time.（宾语从句）
The child’s question why the sky is blue is hard to answer.
| that 引导的同位语从句 | that 引导的定语从句 |
|---|---|
| 进一步解释前面的名词 | 修饰前面的名词 |
| 连接符号，that 不翻译 | that 是关系代词，从句中做主语、宾语或表语 |
The replay that he gave me hurt my feelings. （定语从句）
The replay that he couldn’t help me hurt my feelings. （同位语从句）
The news that the airplane crashed in the Indian Ocean shocked me. （飞机坠毁了，这个消息让我很震惊）
The news that he told me shocked me. （定语从句，他告诉我的那个消息）
The question whether the plane could be found was hard to answer.
The question that you asked was hard to answer. （定语从句）
主语从句
引导主句。
- 原来是陈述句，that引导，that在句首不可忽略。
It is certain that she will succeed. 转换为 That she will succeed is certain. - 一般疑问句，用 whether/if 来引导，句首只能用 whether，从句陈述语气。
It is not known whether she will come. Whether she will come is not known. - 原来是特殊疑问句，用特殊疑问词引导。
It is a mystery how the prisoner escaped 转换 How the prisoner escaped is a mystery.
A storm is coming. It is clear. 转换 It is clear that a storm is coming. That a storm is coming is clear.
Does he like it? It is not known. 转换 It is not known whether he likes it. Whether he likes it is not known.
Why did she fail the exam? It is uncertain. 转换 It is uncertain why she failed the exam. Why she failed the exam is uncertain.
完全倒装语序
谓语动词在主语之前，全部倒装（所有谓语动词都在主语前面）或部分倒装（部分谓语动词在主语前面）。表示“位置”，“次序”的状语位于句首，全部倒装。
Miss Green came in 等价 In came Miss Green.
A temple stands on the hill 等价 On the hill stands a temple.
Your turn comes now 等价 Now comes your turn.
A horse came next 等价 Next came a horse.
In the town where I was born lived a man who sailed to sea and he told us of his life in the land of submarines.
There is a cat under the table. A cat is there under the table.
He went off 等价 Off he went. （he 是代词，不倒桩），Here you are。
John saw Mary on the hill 等价 On the hill John saw the Mary。（saw 是及物动词，不倒装）
部分倒装
助动词提到主语前（be 动词 或 情态动词，谓语动词仍然在主语后）。使用场合：
- so , such, well, often, only 在句首
The weather was so fine that we all went out lying in the sun. 转换为 So fine was the weather that we all went out lying in the sun.
I knew him well and he knew me well. 转换为 Well did I know him and well did he know me。（well 相当的）
We often see each other 转换为 Often do we see each other.
He realized that he was wrong only then（直到才）. 转换为 Only then did he realize he was wrong.
You can trust only me. 转换为 Only me can you trust.
He eats only vegetables 转换为 Only vegetables he eats.
We can succeed in doing anything only by working hard 转换为 Only by working hard can we succeed in doing anything.
Only you understand me。only修饰主语不倒装。 - 否定词句首，需要部分倒装：not, no, neither, nor, hardly, rarely, seldom, not only, little, few.
Never have I seen such a good movie. 等价 I have never seen such a good movie.
